[346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. Study now. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [819], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[820] although he was repeatedly accused of it. Amid the war, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and Bessarabia and North Bukovina, subsequently establishing Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe and in parts of East Asia. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [843], Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [438], Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. [724] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[725] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. Leon Trotsky was a significant figure in Marxist theory and politics and a crucial figure in the Russian Revolution. [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. [732] Described as a poor orator,[733] according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics". This was the highest level position until the decline of the communist regime in Russia. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. Lithuania [669] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. [655] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. [414] In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. RED FAMINE: STALIN'S WAR ON UKRAINE by Anne Applebaum. [711] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [783], Stalin was ruthless,[784] temperamentally cruel,[785] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [612] It was aimed at establishing economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. During the Great Terror, Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, rounded up more than 150,000 during its Polish Operation in 1937-38, 110,000 of whom were shot dead. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. 2.9). [720] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. Lenin recommended that he be removed from the position of General Secretary in January 1923. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [817] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[818] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin since at least 2008.[942]. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, byname Il Duce (Italian: "The Leader"), (born July 29, 1883, Predappio, Italydied April 28, 1945, near Dongo), Italian prime minister (1922-43) and the first of 20th-century Europe's fascist dictators. . [609] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. III. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [348] He warned of a "danger from the right", including in the Communist Party itself. Caucasus as Stalin's 'henchman' or 'sidekick' seems dubious, given the number of times that the party leadership appears to have been taken by surprise by the former's actions. Wiki User. [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. The document known as Lenin's political testament was in fact a series of short letters, written to the Congress of Soviets over the course of a week in December 1922. [304] His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino,[305] and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. [614] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [835] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. By July of 1922 the state had confiscated vast stores of precious items from the church. Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. [598] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. Attacking Stalin's former policies, Khrushchev and many . [931], The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [638], In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. [407], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. [436] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. [743] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. [661] His body was embalmed,[662] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. [533] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. The pair had a daughter, Yekaterina, in 1950 but the . [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [745] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [666] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. Continuation of the notes. [700] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. [214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. [805] Little of this was fiction,[806] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. [923], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. In the US the government tried very hard during WWII to explain why they were fighting evil fascists in Germany and Italy by sending massive shipments of weapons to the third major fascist power in Europe, the Soviet Union. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's, Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, People's Commissar of Defense of the SovietUnion, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 194550", "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says", " ' ", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. ] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party There Stalin! 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